Astronomy & Celestial Mechanics
the sky, computed
Concept

Cold dark matter — where it appears

Dark matter whose particles moved slowly compared with light when structure began to form, so that it clumps on all scales down to far below a galaxy's mass. It predicts abundant small haloes, which is the prediction most observations test.

Named by 2 essays across one field — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

Also named here as dark subhalo, epicyclic overdensity, stellar stream, stream gap — the same set of essays touches all of them, so they are one junction rather than several.

A gap's depth is one number: 2GmT ÷ v b². The central density of the gap against impact parameter, 4 billion years after the encounter, for subhaloes of 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸ solar masses. Points are read off the drawn density profiles; the curves are 1/(1 + 2GmT/v b²), the stretch the map applies at the encounter point, and the two agree to 3.0 per cent wherever the histogram has enough stars left in the gap to measure a depth at all. Everything about the encounter enters the depth through that one combination. The consequence is the horizontal reading: a gap of a given depth is produced by every point along a locus on which the mass rises as the square of the impact parameter — half depth at 0.42, 1.33, 4.19 kiloparsecs for the three masses drawn, an exponent of 0.500 against the half the algebra requires. What breaks that particular degeneracy is the gap's width, which scales as the impact parameter itself while the depth does not: rescale s by b and the map is identical, so the profile is one shape stretched. Depth and width together give the impact parameter and the product mT. They do not give the mass.

A hole that says mass times time

A gap in a stellar stream is the strongest evidence available that dark subhaloes exist, and its depth depends on the perturber's mass, the impact parameter and the elapsed time only through one combination. Two of those three are unobservable, so a gap is a measurement of a product.

galaxies · Stellar streams One stream after three different populations of dark subhaloes. The density of stars along the middle sixteen kiloparsecs of a thin stream, relative to its mean, after four billion years of encounters with dark subhaloes drawn from a mass function falling as the −1.9 power of the mass between 10⁵ and 10⁸ solar masses. Top: the abundance cold dark matter predicts — in this realisation 26 encounters, 4 of them above a million solar masses — which leave 32 per cent of the stream's length more than 30 per cent below the mean density. Middle: 0.3 of that abundance, 8 encounters and 7 per cent of the length in gaps. Bottom: none at all, where the only variation is the counting noise of the 60,000 model stars. No single dip in the top trace is a clean gap: they overlap, and a large one and several small ones are superposed at every point. What differs between the three is the statistics of the whole trace, not any feature in it.

A spectrum that counts what no single gap can

One gap in a stellar stream measures a subhalo's mass multiplied by an unknown time. A stream crossed by dozens of them measures something better — how many subhaloes of each size there are — but only as a statistic of the whole stream's density, where no feature can be pointed to and one stream is one throw of the dice.

galaxies · Stellar streams

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

Dark subhaloEpicyclic overdensityStellar streamStream gapCosmic varianceGalactic barGiant molecular cloudImpulse approximationPower spectrumShot noiseTidal radiusVelocity kick

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