Astronomy & Celestial Mechanics
the sky, computed
Concept

Press schechter — where it appears

A model predicting the number of dark-matter haloes of each mass from the statistics of the initial density field, by counting regions dense enough to collapse. Its excursion-set extension gives halo abundances in any environment, including voids.

Named by 3 essays across one field — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

Structure stops forming above about 14 times the observed Λ. The fraction of matter that ever collapses into a bound object, against the cosmological constant in units of the observed one, holding the primordial fluctuation amplitude fixed. Growth of structure stops once Λ dominates the expansion, so the linear growth factor approaches a finite limit rather than rising for ever, and a larger Λ freezes it earlier and smaller. The asymptotic growth factor at the observed Λ is 1.110; at a hundredth of it, 5.152; at a hundred times, 0.239. The collapsed fraction falls from 0.86 to 0.40 to 0.000 across the same range, and passes a tenth of its present value at 14 times the observed constant. The observed value sits a factor of 14 below the largest one that leaves anything at all — which is the whole of the anthropic argument, and that factor is what has to be compared against the 10¹²⁰ by which the naive theoretical estimate misses.

A coincidence that is a factor of fourteen

The cosmological constant is famously wrong by a hundred and twenty orders of magnitude, and famously coincidental in sitting near the matter density now. Computing how large it could be and still leave any structure at all turns the second complaint into a number — and the number is fourteen, not a hundred and twenty.

cosmology · Density parameters Haloes at the centre of a void, and in an average place. The number of dark matter haloes per unit volume and per factor e in mass, against halo mass in solar masses per h, in the universe on average (dashed) and inside a sphere of 5 Mpc/h radius at the centre of a void whose density there is 20 per cent of the mean (solid), from the excursion-set theory at redshift zero. The void's sphere holds 9.2e+12 solar masses per h of matter altogether, and no halo can be heavier than that. At the dwarf end the void holds 38 per cent of the average abundance per unit volume — more than its 20 per cent share of the matter. At the mass of the Milky Way's halo, 10¹² M☉/h, it holds 1.62 per cent. An emptiness of galaxies like the Milky Way is guaranteed by the theory; an emptiness of dwarfs is not.

A void is not short of dwarf haloes

The centre of a large void holds a fifth of the average density of matter and almost no galaxies, and it is natural to read the two facts as one. They are not. The theory of how haloes form says a void turns its matter into dwarf-sized haloes at least as readily as anywhere else — it is short of big haloes, not small ones — so a void empty of dwarf galaxies is a statement about which haloes were allowed to light up.

cosmology · Large-scale structure The number of lit dwarfs at a void's centre, against the date it was reionised. The number of haloes heavier than 3.2·10⁹ M☉/h that had collapsed from the matter of a 5 Mpc/h sphere by the redshift at which that sphere was reionised, on a logarithmic axis, against that redshift — for a sphere at the centre of a void with 20 per cent of the mean density today (solid) and an average sphere of the same size (dashed). If only those haloes could make stars, they are the sphere's dwarf galaxies. Reionised at 5.3: 4.3 in the void sphere, 195 in the average one; reionised at 6: 2.0 in the void sphere, 121 in the average one; reionised at 7.7: 0.22 in the void sphere, 29 in the average one. Each unit of delay in the date multiplies the void's count by 3.2 and the average sphere's by 2.1: the void's dwarfs sit further out in the tail of the distribution, and a tail is steep. A count of a few galaxies at a void centre is a statement about when that void's gas was heated, to within a fraction of a unit of redshift — provided the threshold is known.

A void dated by the dwarfs that lit in time

Reionisation did not heat the universe all at once, and the centres of the large voids were among the last places it reached. A dwarf halo there could make stars only if it had grown heavy enough before its own gas was heated — so the number that did is a clock for one void, and a clock that runs faster the emptier the void.

cosmology · Large-scale structure

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

Structure growthCosmic voidDark matter haloDwarf galaxyHalo mass functionReionisationSpherical collapseAnthropic boundCoincidence problemCollapsed fractionCosmological constantCritical density

All concepts